DSL organisms are known to perform diel vertical migrations (DVM), moving from mesopelagic depths at day-time to food-rich epipelagic layers at night-time-in a reflection of their food tracking behavior. The mesopelagic layer is also known as the twilight zone as the light that penetrates this zone is extremely faint. Below lies the mesopelagic layer, extending from 200 m to 1000 m. Here enough light is available for photosynthesis. The surface layer of the ocean is known as the epipelagic layer and extends from the surface to 200 m.
Moreover, myctophids constitute a major component of the deep scattering layer (DSL), a sound scattering layer in the water column resulting from the congregation of a variety of marine animals. Myctophids also play a key role in the oceanic food web, by feeding majorly on zooplankton and larval and juvenile fishes, and serving as important prey items for predators such as whales, dolphins, penguins and squids. These small fish (2–15 cm, total length) account for as much as 65% of all deep-sea fish biomass, with an estimated global biomass of 600 million tons. Myctophids, also known as lanternfish, are the most widespread and diverse mesopelagic fish taxa with approximately 250 species distributed among 33 genera. panamense play a major role in trace element transfer to higher trophic levels in the pelagic food web of the Gulf of California. These diel vertical migrators are crucial in the energy transfer between the deep-sea and epipelagic zones (and vice-versa), and the estimation of the Biomagnification Factor (based on Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) levels revealed that both T. panamense, and these differences seemed to be related to inherent physiological and/or ecological traits rather than environmental element availability. mexicanus exhibited significantly higher concentrations of Cr, Cu, Zn and Pb in comparison to B. mexicanus the less abundant trace element was Ni (0.332 µg.g −1 dw) and for B. mexicanus presented 39.8 µg.g −1 dw and B. Zinc (Zn) was the most common trace element for both species, T. Therefore, the trace elemental composition (Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd and Pb) of Triphoturus mexicanus and Benthosema panamense specimens was determined. They play a central role in oceanic food webs and are known to perform diel vertical migrations, crossing the thermocline and reaching the oxygen minimum zone, however, very scarce information exists on trace element content in these organisms.
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